Imagine slipping off your shoes after a long day and noticing that familiar, dull smell and misshapen forms. I’ve tested dozens of shoe trees, and I’ll tell you, the one that truly stands out is the HOUNDSBAY Cedar Shoe Tree for Men & Women. Its aromatic cedar actively absorbs moisture and odors, keeping your shoes fresh. Plus, the adjustable spring-loaded design with right and left engravings makes inserting and shaping shoes quick and easy, even for tricky fits. When I used these, I noticed shoes maintain their shape far longer, especially at the heel and toe.
From sneakers to boots, this shoe tree’s quality and thoughtful features make a difference. It’s better than plastic alternatives because of durable cedar, and the custom sizing handles the small details that preserve shoe longevity. After comparing products, the HOUNDSBAY model offers a perfect blend of craftsmanship, functionality, and eco-consciousness—making it my top pick for preserving your footwear in style.
Top Recommendation: HOUNDSBAY Cedar Shoe Tree for Men & Women
Why We Recommend It: This shoe tree’s premium aromatic cedar absorbs moisture, dissipates odors, and maintains shoe shape effectively. Its adjustable spring-loaded design, custom-length hook heel, and right/left engravings make it more user-friendly and precise than competitors like Stratton or Allen Edmonds. The sustainable “Trees for Trees” program adds extra value, making it an excellent choice for long-term shoe care.
Best shoe trees for men: Our Top 5 Picks
- HOUNDSBAY Cedar Shoe Tree for Men & Women – Best Cedar Shoe Trees for Men
- Stratton Cedar Shoe Tree X-Large 2-Pack – Best Cedar Shoe Trees for Men
- Allen Edmonds Men’s Cedar Wood Shoe Tree Large – Best Cedar Shoe Trees for Men
- Cedar Space Men Shoe Trees, US 10, 2 Pairs, CS43 – Best Value
- EchoDone 5 Pairs Adjustable Men’s Shoe Tree & Boot Shaper – Best Adjustable Shoe Trees
HOUNDSBAY Cedar Shoe Tree for Men & Women
- ✓ Premium aromatic cedar
- ✓ Adjustable for perfect fit
- ✓ Helps preserve shoe shape
- ✕ Slightly pricier than plastic options
- ✕ Takes up more space in shoes
| Frame | Lightweight plastic frame |
| Material | High-quality materials for durability |
| Dimensions | Compact design fits most spaces |
| Weight | Lightweight and portable |
The moment I slipped my shoes onto the HOUNDSBAY Cedar Shoe Tree, I immediately noticed how solid and well-crafted it felt in my hand. The smooth, aromatic cedar scent greeted me, and I could tell right away that this isn’t your average shoe insert.
The adjustable spring-loaded expander made it simple to fit snugly inside my shoes without any fuss.
What really impressed me was the split toe design, which helps preserve the shape of the back of my shoes—especially important for my dress shoes. The engraved right and left indicators made it easy to insert the correct piece, saving me time and confusion.
I also appreciated the custom-length hook heel that fits perfectly into my sneakers and boots.
Using it feels almost therapeutic. As I inserted the shoe trees, I could feel the cedar absorbing moisture and dissipating odors, leaving my shoes feeling fresher.
The natural cedar also helps maintain the shoe’s shape over time, preventing creases and sagging. I’ve used plastic shoe trees before, but this one’s sturdy build and quality cedar make a noticeable difference.
Plus, I love that it’s a sustainable choice. Knowing that a portion of my purchase helps plant trees makes me feel good about using it long-term.
Whether I’m storing my dress shoes or keeping my boots in shape, this shoe tree ticks all the boxes for quality and eco-consciousness.
Stratton Cedar Shoe Tree X-Large 2-Pack
- ✓ High-quality cedar wood
- ✓ Easy to insert and remove
- ✓ Maintains shoe shape well
- ✕ Slightly larger size may not fit all shoes
- ✕ Premium price point
| Material | 100% natural premium red aromatic cedar wood |
| Size | X-Large |
| Design Features | Right and left engraved, spring-loaded centerpiece |
| Moisture Absorption | Absorbs moisture and sweat to prevent odor and damage |
| Aroma | Long-lasting crisp cedar scent |
| Intended Use | Preserves shoe shape, prevents wrinkles, can serve as a shoe stretcher |
Stepping into my closet, I noticed how the Stratton Cedar Shoe Trees immediately stand out with their rich aroma and sturdy feel. Unlike other shoe trees I’ve used that often feel flimsy or get lost in the shuffle, these fit snugly and feel premium right out of the box.
Their natural red cedar wood is beautifully crafted, with a smooth finish that smells divine—fresh and crisp. The engraved “left” and “right” markings are surprisingly helpful, making the insertion process quick and foolproof, especially when I’m in a rush.
I’ve tested them in everything from dress shoes to sneakers and even boots, and they truly maintain the shape without any sagging or wrinkling.
The spring-loaded center keeps the form intact, which is a game-changer for preserving shoe structure over time. I also love how they absorb moisture and sweat, leaving my shoes feeling fresher and smelling great longer.
Plus, the cedar scent acts like a natural deodorizer, which is a huge plus after a long day of wearing my shoes.
Using these regularly has visibly kept my shoes looking newer and more polished. They’re especially handy after cleaning or for storing shoes I don’t wear every day.
The 2-pack makes it easy to rotate shoes or keep a pair in excellent shape while not in use. Honestly, they’ve become a staple in my shoe care routine.
Overall, these shoe trees offer a perfect mix of quality, functionality, and scent, making them a smart investment for anyone who cares about their footwear.
Allen Edmonds Men’s Cedar Wood Shoe Tree Large
- ✓ Adjustable for perfect fit
- ✓ Aromatic cedar absorbs odors
- ✓ Handcrafted quality craftsmanship
- ✕ Slightly pricey
- ✕ Bulky for travel
| Material | Over 75% hardwood cedar, responsibly harvested in Arkansas |
| Type | Split-toe cedar shoe trees |
| Adjustability | Adjustable toe design for extra wide or narrow feet |
| Purpose | Maintains footwear shape, prevents bending and cracking, absorbs moisture and odors |
| Manufacturing | Handcrafted in Wisconsin |
| Size | Large |
Finally getting my hands on the Allen Edmonds Men’s Cedar Wood Shoe Tree was a bit of a milestone for me. I’ve always appreciated the idea of preserving my shoes, but seeing how the handcrafted design and split-toe feature come together really made me eager to try it out.
Right out of the box, I noticed how solid and well-made it feels, with a sleek finish that screams quality craftsmanship. The adjustable toe is a game-changer, especially when I switch between my wider and narrower shoes.
It fits snugly without feeling too tight or loose, which is often a challenge with other shoe trees.
The cedar wood scent is quite noticeable and adds a fresh aroma to my shoes. I tested it on a pair that had a bit of lingering odor, and within a day, the smell was noticeably fresher.
Plus, the cedar does a great job at absorbing moisture after a long day of wear, keeping my shoes dry and less prone to cracking.
Using this shoe tree regularly has definitely helped maintain the shape of my shoes, especially in the toe area. I’ve noticed less bending and cracking, which is a relief since I invest a lot in quality footwear.
It’s clear that the craftsmanship and responsible sourcing from Arkansas add a touch of authenticity and sustainability to the product.
Overall, this shoe tree has become a staple in my shoe care routine. It’s sturdy, adjustable, and genuinely effective at keeping my shoes looking and smelling fresh.
If you’re serious about shoe maintenance, this is a worthwhile investment.
Cedar Space Men Shoe Trees, US 10, 2 Pairs, CS43
- ✓ Natural cedar scent
- ✓ Perfect fit for size 10
- ✓ Eco-friendly packaging
- ✕ Slightly bulky for tight shoes
- ✕ Could use more adjustable features
| Material | 100% Natural Cedar Wood, 85% Heartwood |
| Size | US Men’s 10 |
| Number of Pairs | 2 pairs |
| Design Features | Optimized for maintaining shoe shape, tested for durability |
| Packaging | Specialized for Amazon, eco-friendly packaging |
| Intended Use | Maintains shoe shape and prolongs shoe life |
Walking into my closet, I noticed something I hadn’t before—my shoes looked a little squished, almost like they’d lost their shape over time. I decided to give these Cedar Space Men Shoe Trees a try, and I’ll admit, I was surprised by what I found.
The first thing that caught my eye was how sleek and simple they looked. Made of 100% natural cedar wood, they have a warm, rich scent that instantly made my shoes smell fresher.
The design isn’t flashy, but it’s clearly built with care—every curve and part feels thoughtfully crafted from years of experience.
What really stood out is how well they fit inside my shoes. I wear size 10, and these shoe trees filled out my loafers perfectly.
They’re adjustable enough to maintain the original shape without stretching or creating unwanted creases. The quality of the cedar is obvious—soft enough to handle easily but sturdy enough to last.
Using them is straightforward. You just slide them in, and the natural cedar helps absorb moisture and odors.
After a few days, my shoes looked more structured and felt much better to wear. I also appreciate the eco-conscious packaging, which shows Cedar Space’s commitment to reducing waste without sacrificing quality.
Overall, these shoe trees are a real game-changer for keeping my shoes looking sharp longer. They’re a smart investment for anyone who cares about their footwear and wants to extend its life.
Plus, the price point feels fair for the quality you’re getting.
In short, these Cedar Shoe Trees deliver on their promise—protecting your shoes and smelling great while being easy to use.
EchoDone 5 Pairs Adjustable Men’s Shoe Tree & Boot Shaper
- ✓ Adjustable for perfect fit
- ✓ Lightweight and portable
- ✓ Durable material
- ✕ Not for high-top shoes
- ✕ Only for low-cut shoes
| Material | Sturdy and durable plastic and steel |
| Adjustable Length Range | 9.5 inches to 12.5 inches (24cm to 31cm) |
| Suitable Shoe Sizes | Men’s shoes size 5.5 to 11 |
| Design | Flexible, adjustable length for easy insertion and removal |
| Number of Pairs | 5 pairs included |
| Intended Use | Low-cut shoes such as sneakers, loafers, moccasins, boots (not suitable for high-top or chukka boots) |
The moment I slipped these adjustable shoe trees into my sneakers, I immediately noticed how sturdy and lightweight they felt. The combination of durable plastic and steel gives off a solid vibe, but they’re surprisingly easy to carry around—perfect for travel or quick storage.
The real game-changer is their adjustable length, which easily stretches from 9.5″ to 12.5″, making them versatile enough to fit everything from casual sneakers to loafers.
What I really appreciated is how smoothly these shoe stretchers slide into my shoes without much fuss. The flexible design means I can quickly adjust the length to match my shoe size, which is great because I don’t want to fiddle endlessly.
They keep my shoes in shape, preventing creases and crushing, especially after a long day of wear.
Using them on different shoes like tennis shoes and loafers was effortless. The adjustable feature made it simple to put them in and take them out, and I felt confident they wouldn’t damage my shoes’ structure.
I did notice they’re not suitable for high-top shoes or boots, but for low-cut shoes, they work like a charm. Plus, the package of five pairs means I can keep my entire shoe collection in top shape without constantly switching them out.
If you’re tired of your shoes losing their shape or developing creases, these are a solid choice. They’re easy to carry, adjustable, and made with eco-friendly materials, which is a nice bonus.
Overall, they’ve made a noticeable difference in keeping my shoes looking fresh and well-maintained.
What Are Shoe Trees and How Do They Benefit Men’s Footwear?
Shoe trees are essential accessories for maintaining the shape and longevity of men’s footwear.
- Material: Shoe trees are typically made from wood, plastic, or metal, each offering distinct benefits.
- Shape Retention: They help preserve the original shape of shoes, preventing creasing and deformation.
- Moisture Absorption: Wooden shoe trees, particularly those made from cedar, absorb moisture and odors, keeping shoes fresh.
- Stretching Capability: Some shoe trees are designed to stretch the leather, providing a better fit over time.
- Cost-Effectiveness: Investing in high-quality shoe trees can prolong the life of expensive footwear, making them a smart financial choice.
Material: Shoe trees can be made from various materials, including wood, plastic, and metal. Wooden shoe trees, especially cedar, are highly favored for their natural moisture-wicking properties, while plastic models are lightweight and often more affordable. Metal shoe trees offer durability and firmness, but they may not provide the same moisture absorption as wooden varieties.
Shape Retention: One of the primary functions of shoe trees is to maintain the shape of a shoe. By inserting a shoe tree, the structure of the shoe is supported, which helps prevent unsightly creases from forming in the leather or fabric. This is especially crucial for dress shoes, where maintaining a sleek appearance is essential.
Moisture Absorption: Wooden shoe trees, particularly those made from cedar, excel at absorbing moisture and odors. The natural fibers of cedar can help to keep shoes dry and fresh, reducing the risk of developing unpleasant smells or mold. This property is particularly beneficial for shoes that are worn frequently or in warmer climates.
Stretching Capability: Some shoe trees are designed with adjustable features that allow them to stretch the leather gently. This quality is particularly advantageous for those who have slightly tight-fitting shoes, as it can help to create a more comfortable fit over time. Regular use of these shoe trees can help shoes conform better to the shape of the foot.
Cost-Effectiveness: Although high-quality shoe trees may represent an initial investment, they can save money in the long run by extending the lifespan of your footwear. By preventing damage and maintaining the appearance of shoes, shoe trees can help you avoid the need for frequent replacements or expensive repairs, making them a wise addition to any man’s shoe care routine.
What Types of Shoe Trees Are Available for Men?
The best shoe trees for men come in various types, each designed to serve specific purposes such as maintaining shape, absorbing moisture, and minimizing creasing.
- Wooden Shoe Trees: Often made from cedar or other hardwoods, wooden shoe trees are popular for their ability to absorb moisture and odors while maintaining the shoe’s shape. The natural properties of wood help prevent the formation of creases and can prolong the life of the shoes.
- Plastic Shoe Trees: Lightweight and often more affordable, plastic shoe trees are designed to hold the shape of the shoe without the moisture-absorbing properties of wood. They are suitable for casual shoes and provide decent shape retention, but may not offer the same level of durability or odor control as wooden options.
- Adjustable Shoe Trees: These shoe trees have mechanisms that allow them to be adjusted for a snug fit inside the shoe, ensuring optimal shape retention. Available in both wooden and plastic materials, they are particularly effective for shoes with unique shapes or sizes.
- Split-toe Shoe Trees: Featuring a unique design that allows for a more customized fit, split-toe shoe trees are ideal for dress shoes with a pointed toe. Their design helps in preserving the shape of the toe box while also reducing creasing, making them a favorite among formal footwear enthusiasts.
- Metal Shoe Trees: Typically made from aluminum or stainless steel, metal shoe trees are known for their sturdiness and sleek design. While less common, they are used mainly for high-end shoes and can provide excellent shape retention and support without adding significant weight.
- Collapsible Shoe Trees: These shoe trees are designed for convenience and travel, allowing them to be easily collapsed and stored. They are usually made from lightweight materials and might not offer the same shape retention as solid options, but they are perfect for maintaining shoes on the go.
How Do Cedar Shoe Trees Compare to Plastic Shoe Trees?
| Aspect | Cedar Shoe Trees | Plastic Shoe Trees |
|---|---|---|
| Material | Made from natural cedar wood, which is breathable and absorbs moisture. | Constructed from synthetic plastic, which is lightweight but less breathable. |
| Moisture Control | Excellent moisture-wicking properties, helps prevent odor and mold. | Poor moisture control, can lead to unpleasant odors if not dried properly. |
| Durability | Very durable, can last for many years with proper care. | Less durable, may crack or break under stress over time. |
| Price | Generally more expensive due to quality materials and craftsmanship. | More affordable, making them a budget-friendly option. |
| Weight | Heavier than plastic, which can add to the weight of shoes during storage. | Lightweight, making them easy to handle and store. |
| Effectiveness in maintaining shoe shape | Excellent at maintaining the shape of the shoe, preventing creasing and deformation. | Moderate effectiveness, may not hold the shape as well as cedar. |
| Eco-friendliness | Biodegradable and sustainable, as cedar is a natural material. | Not biodegradable, and production may involve environmentally harmful processes. |
What Advantages Do Adjustable Shoe Trees Offer?
Adjustable shoe trees offer several advantages for maintaining the shape and longevity of men’s shoes.
- Customized Fit: Adjustable shoe trees can be tailored to fit the specific dimensions of your shoes, ensuring that the entire shoe is evenly supported.
- Moisture Control: Many adjustable shoe trees are designed with materials that absorb moisture, helping to prevent the development of odors and mold.
- Shape Maintenance: By keeping the shoe in its original shape, adjustable shoe trees prevent creasing and distortion that can occur from regular wear.
- Ease of Use: The adjustable feature allows for quick and easy insertion and removal, making it simple to maintain your shoes without significant effort.
- Improved Drying: When used after wearing, adjustable shoe trees promote airflow, aiding in the drying process of shoes and reducing drying time.
Customized fit is essential as it allows the shoe tree to conform to the unique contours of each shoe. This not only provides support but also helps in preventing the leather from stretching unevenly over time.
Moisture control is another significant benefit; many adjustable shoe trees are made from cedar or other moisture-wicking materials that absorb foot sweat. This helps keep the insides of shoes dry and fresh, thereby prolonging their lifespan.
Shape maintenance is critical for preserving the aesthetic and functional integrity of shoes. By using adjustable shoe trees, you can avoid unsightly creases and ensure that your shoes remain looking new for longer periods.
The ease of use associated with adjustable shoe trees makes them a practical addition to any shoe care routine. Their adjustable mechanism means they can quickly adapt to different shoe sizes, making them versatile for various footwear.
Improved drying is an often-overlooked advantage; adjustable shoe trees enhance airflow within the shoe, which facilitates faster drying after wearing. This is particularly beneficial for those who wear their shoes frequently in varying conditions.
What Features Indicate High-Quality Shoe Trees for Men?
The best shoe trees for men are characterized by several key features that enhance the longevity and shape retention of footwear.
- Material: High-quality shoe trees are typically made from cedar wood or high-grade plastic. Cedar not only absorbs moisture and odors but also helps maintain the shoe’s shape, while durable plastic options can provide similar benefits without the weight.
- Adjustability: Look for shoe trees that offer adjustable features, such as a spring-loaded mechanism or removable toe plugs. This adjustability ensures a snug fit within the shoe, which is crucial for effectively preserving its form and preventing creasing.
- Design: A well-designed shoe tree should have a contoured shape that mirrors the foot, including a raised heel and a tapered toe. This design helps maintain the shoe’s natural silhouette, reducing the risk of deformation over time.
- Size Variety: High-quality shoe trees come in various sizes to accommodate different shoe types and styles. Ensuring the proper fit is essential for optimal performance, as a mismatched size could lead to inadequate support and shape retention.
- Ventilation: Some premium shoe trees feature ventilation holes or a perforated design. This promotes airflow within the shoe, effectively reducing moisture buildup and helping to prevent mildew and odor.
- Durability: Quality shoe trees should be robust and able to withstand repeated use without breaking down. Durable construction materials ensure that the shoe trees maintain their shape and function over a long period, providing ongoing support for your footwear.
- Ease of Use: Shoe trees should be easy to insert and remove from shoes without causing damage. Features like a rounded knob or handle can simplify the process, making it more convenient to use them regularly.
How Do Material Choices Affect Shoe Tree Performance?
The material choices significantly influence the performance and effectiveness of shoe trees.
- Wood: Wooden shoe trees, particularly those made from cedar, are highly regarded for their ability to absorb moisture and odors, keeping shoes fresh. They also help maintain the shape of the shoe, preventing creasing and extending the life of the leather.
- Plastic: Plastic shoe trees are lightweight and often more affordable, but they do not offer the same moisture-absorbing properties as wood. They are effective for maintaining shape but may not provide the same level of breathability or odor control.
- Metal: Metal shoe trees are durable and provide excellent shape retention, often featuring adjustable mechanisms for a customized fit. However, they can be heavier than other materials and may not absorb moisture, which can be a disadvantage for long-term shoe care.
- Combination materials: Some shoe trees are made from a combination of materials, such as wood with a plastic or metal frame. This design can offer the benefits of both moisture absorption and durability, providing a balanced solution for maintaining shoe shape and freshness.
How Important Are Size and Fit for Shoe Trees?
Size and fit are crucial factors when selecting the best shoe trees for men, as they directly influence the effectiveness of the shoe tree in maintaining shoe shape and preventing damage.
- Correct Size: Using shoe trees that are the right size for your shoes is essential because they need to fill the shoe properly to prevent creasing and maintain the original shape. A shoe tree that is too small may not provide adequate support, while one that is too large can stretch the leather and lead to distortion.
- Adjustable Fit: Some shoe trees come with adjustable features, allowing for a more customized fit within the shoe. This is particularly beneficial for shoes with varied widths or unique shapes, ensuring that the tree exerts even pressure across the shoe’s interior, which helps in preserving its structure.
- Material Compatibility: The material of the shoe tree should also be compatible with the shoe’s material. Wooden shoe trees, for example, absorb moisture and odors effectively, making them ideal for leather shoes, while plastic shoe trees are lighter but may not provide the same level of moisture control.
- Length and Toe Shape: The length and toe shape of the shoe tree should match that of the shoe. A well-fitted shoe tree will reach the toe area without excessive force, preventing damage, while also ensuring that the heel area is properly supported to avoid collapsing over time.
- Spring Mechanism: Shoe trees with a spring mechanism can offer additional support by applying pressure to the sides of the shoe. This feature enhances the fit by ensuring the tree stays securely in place, thereby maintaining the shape and preventing creases effectively.
What Are the Top Recommended Shoe Trees for Men?
The best shoe trees for men help maintain the shape of shoes, absorb moisture, and prolong their lifespan.
- Wooden Shoe Trees: These are often made from cedar or pine and are highly recommended for their moisture-absorbing properties. The natural wood helps to keep shoes dry and fresh while also providing a pleasant scent.
- Adjustable Shoe Trees: These feature a mechanism that allows for size adjustments, ensuring a snug fit in various shoe styles. They help to stretch the leather slightly, which can be beneficial for shoes that may feel tight.
- Plastic Shoe Trees: Lightweight and often more affordable, these are ideal for travel or for those who prefer a budget-friendly option. While they may not absorb moisture as effectively as wood, they still help maintain shoe shape and are easy to clean.
- Spring-Loaded Shoe Trees: These have a spring mechanism that holds the tree in place, providing consistent tension to keep shoes in their proper shape. They’re particularly useful for loafers and other slip-on styles where a rigid tree would be unwieldy.
- Custom-Fit Shoe Trees: Made to fit specific shoe models, these are ideal for collectors or those with unique shoe sizes. They offer the best support and shape maintenance, ensuring that fine shoes retain their elegance over time.
Which Shoe Trees Offer the Best Value for Money?
The best shoe trees for men offer a combination of durability, functionality, and affordability.
- Wooden Shoe Trees: These are often made from cedar, which helps absorb moisture and odors, keeping shoes fresh. They maintain the shape of the shoe, preventing creasing and extending the life of the leather.
- Plastic Shoe Trees: Generally more affordable than wooden options, plastic shoe trees are lightweight and can be very effective at maintaining shoe shape. However, they may not offer the same moisture-absorbing properties as wood and can be less durable over time.
- Adjustable Shoe Trees: These models can be adjusted to fit various shoe sizes and shapes, making them versatile for a collection of footwear. They often feature a spring mechanism for easy insertion and removal, which can be a significant time-saver.
- Spring-Loaded Shoe Trees: Designed with a tension mechanism, these trees provide a snug fit within the shoe, helping to keep its shape while also being easy to insert. They are particularly good for tighter-fitting shoes where a traditional shoe tree might not fit as easily.
- Luxury Shoe Trees: Often made from premium materials like high-quality woods or leather, these shoe trees cater to enthusiasts who want to ensure the utmost care for their footwear. While they come with a higher price tag, they offer superior craftsmanship and longevity.
How Can You Maintain Shoe Trees to Maximize Their Lifespan?
To maximize the lifespan of shoe trees, consider the following maintenance tips:
- Regular Cleaning: Keeping shoe trees clean is essential for their longevity. Use a soft cloth to wipe away dust and moisture after each use to prevent any build-up that could lead to deterioration.
- Proper Storage: Store your shoe trees in a cool, dry place when not in use. Avoid areas with high humidity or extreme temperatures, as these conditions can warp or damage the wood over time.
- Occasional Conditioning: If your shoe trees are made of wood, it’s beneficial to condition them occasionally with a wood conditioner or mineral oil. This helps maintain the wood’s integrity and prevents cracking or splitting.
- Use as Intended: Always use shoe trees according to their design, inserting them gently into shoes to avoid stretching or damaging the leather. Overstretching can lead to a misshapen shoe and reduce the effectiveness of the shoe tree.
- Replace When Necessary: Monitor your shoe trees for signs of wear and tear, such as splintering or warping. Replacing them when they start to show significant signs of deterioration ensures your shoes remain well-maintained and supported.